Tag: Biology

  • Pharmacology today and in ancient natural medicine

    This essay illustrates the discovery of a few drugs from the hundreds used today. Some emerged from laboratory studies while others progressed from traditional ancient remedies to modern pharmaceuticals.  From these many therapeutics, seven are described: artemisinin, a modern treatment for malaria; quinine, another malarial treatment; digitalis, for congestive heart disease; statins, for high cholesterol…

  • Where Physics and Biology Intersect

    Life and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Life is orderly, contrasting the second law of thermodynamics, which states that systems naturally become more disordered over time. A few examples of the second law are that sandcastles erode, leaves scatter, perfume evaporates, a cup of coffee and the universe cool. Despite this law, living organisms maintain…

  • On Biology and Cellular Neuroscience

    Life on Earth has existed for over three billion years. It has evolved through mutations and natural selection as described in the 19th century by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace. It is diverse with beneficial mutations accumulating over these years. Diversity is essential and remains in the DNA of all living things. Due to…